What caused the division of India and Pakistan in 1947?

The division of India and Pakistan in 1947 was primarily driven by religious tensions between Hindus and Muslims. As British rule in India approached its end, the growing rift between these two communities became increasingly pronounced. The idea of a separate nation for Muslims was championed by leaders such as Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who argued that Muslims should have their own sovereign state to ensure their rights and identity were protected.

These deep-rooted tensions had historical antecedents, but they were exacerbated during the 1940s as political movements gained momentum. The fear among Muslims of being marginalized in a predominantly Hindu nation played a significant role in pushing the demand for Pakistan. The British colonial authorities, recognizing the complexities of the situation and the impending demands for independence, agreed to the partition as a solution, ultimately leading to the creation of two independent dominions.

While other factors such as British policies and political conflicts contributed to the overall context of the partition, the specific and immediate cause that culminated in the division was the religious divide coupled with the aspiration of Muslims for a distinct national identity.